RESUMO
(1) Background: C1q TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) is an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. In our study, we explored changes in serum CTRP3 and its gene expression in epicardial (EAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue in patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing elective cardiac surgery. (2) Methods: SAT, EAT, and blood samples were collected at the start and end of surgery from 34 patients: (i) 11 without CAD or T2DM, (ii) 14 with CAD and without T2DM, and (iii) 9 with both CAD and T2DM. mRNA levels of CTRP3 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Circulating levels of CTRP3 and other factors were measured using ELISA and Luminex Multiplex commercial kits. (3) Results: Baseline plasma levels of TNF-α and IL6 did not differ among the groups and increased at the end of surgery. Baseline circulating levels of CTRP3 did not differ among the groups and decreased after surgery. In contrast, baseline CTRP3 mRNA levels in EAT were significantly decreased in CAD/T2DM group, while no differences were found for TNF-α and IL6 gene expression. (4) Conclusions: Our data suggest that decreased EAT mRNA levels of CTRP3 could contribute to higher risk of atherosclerosis in patients with CAD and T2DM.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/genética , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirurgia , Humanos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Pericárdio/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of our study was to analyze mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) gene expression profiles in subcutaneous (SAT) and epicardial (EAT) adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and myocardium in patients with and without CAD undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Thirty-eight patients, 27 with (CAD group) and 11 without CAD (noCAD group), undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valvular surgery were included in the study. EAT, SAT, intercostal skeletal muscle, and right atrium tissue and blood samples were collected at the start and end of surgery; mRNA expression of selected mitochondrial and ER stress genes was assessed using qRT-PCR. The presence of CAD was associated with decreased mRNA expression of most of the investigated mitochondrial respiratory chain genes in EAT, while no such changes were seen in SAT or other tissues. In contrast, the expression of ER stress genes did not differ between the CAD and noCAD groups in almost any tissue. Cardiac surgery further augmented mitochondrial dysfunction in EAT. In our study, CAD was associated with decreased expression of mitochondrial, but not endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in EAT. These changes may contribute to the acceleration of coronary atherosclerosis.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/genética , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Idoso , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/fisiologia , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Pericárdio/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismoRESUMO
Epicardial adipose tissue is not only a specific adipose tissue depot but also an active endocrine organ producing numerous substances with an important role in the development of obesity-related heart diseases. It is located between myocardium and visceral pericardium and consists predominantly of adipocytes, immunocompetent cells, ganglia and interconnecting nerve branches. Several studies documented a positive correlation between pericardial and epicardial fat and left ventricular hypertrophy and septal thickening, leading to diastolic dysfunction, electrocardiographic abnormalities and facilitating cardiac failure. The cellular cross-talks between epicardial fat and myocardium may include both the vasocrine and the paracrine mechanisms. Adipokines secreted from epicardial adipose tissue, vascular and stromal cells diffuse into interstitial fluid crossing the adventitia, media and intima and modulate cardiac function and cardiomyocyte phenotype and survival. In this article, we review the significance of epicardial adipose tissue and its association with cardiovascular diseases, cellular interactions between epicardial fat and myocardium, secretions of adipokines and inflammatory mediators and a potential of epicardial fat as a therapeutic target for the prevention of obesity-related heart diseases.
